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Welcome to Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World (edited by Kotrosits and Harland)
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Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturati
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Egyptians: Josephos on the envy of an inferior people (last-first century CE)
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Judean wisdom: Josephos’ self-presentation as the optimum wise Judean (late-first century CE)
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Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man and healer (late-first century CE)
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People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Ca
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Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-firs
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Trojans, Teukrians, and Dardanians: Diodoros on their origins (mid-first century BCE)
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Taurians and Kolchians: Diodoros on the origins of human sacrifice in the Black Sea area (mid-first
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Sikanians, Sicilians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs (mi
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Amalekites: Josephos and Philo on a prototypical arch-enemy people (first century CE)
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Josephos of Jerusalem: A guide for reading ethnographic passages
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Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham’s dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)
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Dacians and Istrians: Trogus on peoples west of the Black Sea (first century BCE)
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Pompeius Trogus: A guide for reading ethnographic passages
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Celts / Gauls: Trogus on their invasions and character (first century BCE)
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Persians: Trogus on Alexander of Macedon’s acculturation to eastern ways (first century BCE)
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Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardan
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Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-seco
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Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah’s descendants and the
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Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century B
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Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales
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Greek diasporas and indigenous Libyans: Herodotos on tales of colonization (mid-fifth century BCE)
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Spartans and Judeans: First Maccabees’ and Josephos’ claims about kinship ties (ca. 100 BCE / ca. 90
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Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage’s army and o
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Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)
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Circumnavigation authors: A guide for reading voyage literature on this site
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Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria’s poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)
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Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near
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Barbaria’s inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythrai
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Indians: Hierokles on visiting the Brahmans (fifth century CE or earlier)
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Clement of Alexandria: A guide for reading ethnographic passages
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Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages
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Scythians: Lucian on Anacharsis and Solon’s dialogue about the superiority of Greek customs (mid-sec
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Serians (Chinese), Ottorokorians and others: Pliny the Elder on the savage silk people (first centur
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Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors’ tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)
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Agatharchides of Knidos: A guide for reading ethnographic passages
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Herodotos of Halikarnassos: A guide for reading ethnographic passages
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Curtius Rufus: A guide for reading ethnographic passages
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Indians: Curtius Rufus on the environment and the peoples (first century CE)
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Sogdians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander’s assessment of their noble and courageous character (first cen
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Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)
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Persians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander of Macedon’s supposed decline into eastern ways (first century
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Amazons: Curtius Rufus on Alexander’s relationship with Thalestris (first century CE)
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Mardians among Persians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander’s conquest of an uncivilized cave people (first
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Parthians: Curtius Rufus on their Scythian origins (first century CE)
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Persians: Curtius Rufus on military processions and royal luxury (first century CE)
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Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of th
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Canaanites / non-Judean peoples: Jubilees on the Dinah story and intermarriage (mid-second century B
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Egyptians: The Judean tale of Joseph and Aseneth on rejecting Egyptian gods and on intermarriage (ca
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Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)
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Libyans and Maurians: Corippus’ poetic survey of northern African peoples in the tale of John Trogli
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Axumite perspectives: Inscription by the king of Axum on the Ethiopian and Arabian peoples he conque
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Ethiopians: Artapanos and Josephos on Moses, intermarriage, and the Kushites (second century BCE-fir
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Ethiopians or Nubians: Pottery from Athens and Greek cities of Italy depicting a darker-skinned yout
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Ethiopians or Nubians: Athenian-style pottery depictions of darker-skinned subjects (sixth-fifth cen
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Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)
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Romans: Diodoros on Herakles’ journey to Rome before Rome (mid-first century BCE)
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Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles’ civilizing expeditions (mid-first cen
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Ligurians: Diodoros on their extremely hard work (mid-first century BCE)
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Libyans, Maurians and Ausourianians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their savage behaviour and banditry (la
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Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as “demons” (
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Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth cent
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New scholarly article: Maia Kotrosits, “The Ethnography of Gender” (2023)
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Egyptians, Ethiopians, Indians and others: Depictions of “pygmies” in Greek and Roman art (fifth cen
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Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)
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Various peoples: Polybios on the mixed composition of Ptolemy IV’s and Antiochos III’s armies (secon
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Thracians: Attic vase paintings depicting Thracian women with tattoos, warriors, and Orpheus (sixth-
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Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix’s ethnographic defence of the Christian peop
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Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani’s foreignness (early fourth century CE)
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Thracians and Odrysians: Thucydides on Thracians, power, and violence (late fifth century BCE)
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Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)
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Dacians: Frieze of Trajan’s conquest reused on the so-called Arch of Constantine (likely 107 CE or a
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Celtic / Galatian diasporas: Mercenaries settled at Alexandria in Egypt (ca. 250-200 BCE)
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Parthians: Kneeling colossal support statues in eastern garb (first century CE)
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Sarmatians, Marcomannians, Quadians, and Iazygians: Reliefs on Marcus Aurelius’ column including wom
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Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-
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Atlantians: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on supposed Atlantian stories about the earliest king
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Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third
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Mediterranean peoples: Ovid on identifying personified peoples in art to impress a girl (early first
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Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century C
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Persians: Irenaeus on Marcus the Valentinian Magian (late second century CE)
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Persians: Vitruvius theorizes about Greek depictions of enemies in architectural contexts (first cen
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Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century
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Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first
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Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey’s subjugation of peoples of the world
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Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE
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Judeans: Reliefs on the Arch for Titus depicting temple treasures and defeat (late first century CE)
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Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners
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Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (f
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Egyptians: Hekataios of Miletos on encountering Theban priests (late sixth century BCE)
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Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth ce
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Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)
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Scythians: Lucian on a competition between Toxaris and Mnesippos about ethnic superiority (mid-secon
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Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiven
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Libyans: Aelian on Libyan views and customs about animals (late second century CE)
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Indians: Aelian on Indian views and customs about animals (late second century CE)
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Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero’s Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical
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Egyptians: Aelian on Egyptian views and customs about animals and animal-worship (late second centur
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Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea
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Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second centu
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Indians: Palladios and George on naked philosophers or Brahmans (fourth / ninth centuries CE)
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Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos’ and George the Monk’s collection of extraordinary customs
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Egyptian wisdom: Plato’s Socrates on the discoveries of the Egyptian god Thoth (fourth century BCE)
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Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)
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Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)
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Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century
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Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras’ and Plato’s supposed journeys
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Indians: Greek representations of conquest on coins with Alexander of Macedon and Demetrios of Baktr
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Indian wisdom: Plutarch on Alexander, the naked philosophers, and Kalanos (early second century CE)
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Persians: Heresy-hunters on Simon Magus and other Magians (second-third centuries CE)
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Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)
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Persian wisdom: Ammianus Marcellinus on Zoroaster, Hystaspes, and the Magians (late fourth century C
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Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-
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Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
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Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, wailing incantations, and potions (
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Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris’ and Anacharsis’ differing encounters with Greeks (late second century
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Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pi
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Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)
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Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE o
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Persians: Apuleius of Madaura’s defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)
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Isaurians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their incursions and banditry (late fourth century CE)
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Arabians: Ammianus Marcellinus on the customs of Saracens (late fourth century CE)
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Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato’s thought (late secon
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Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (l
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Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)
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Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek custom
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Scythians: Clement of Alexandria [I] on the example of Anacharsis (late second century CE)
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Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)
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Dyrbaians: Ktesias on an extremely just people between Baktria and India (early fourth century BCE)
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Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third ce
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Persians: Xanthos on the Magians’ supposed incest and on Zoroaster’s date (fifth century BCE)
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Troglodytes: Graffiti and inscriptions from the Red Sea area thanking Pan / Min for rescue from Cave
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Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad
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Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)
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Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
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Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)
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Celts / Gauls: Livy on legends of migration south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)
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Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus’ miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)
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Celts / Galatians: Kyzikos monument with Herakles clubbing a barbarian (278/277 BCE)
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Celts / Galatians: Parthenios on wife abductions in the Galatian invasion (first century BCE)
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Celts / Galatians: Thyatira inscription for a son rescued by the god Apollo out from under “the mob
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Celts / Galatians: Priene inscription on Galatian “impiety” and “savagery” during the invasion (ca.
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Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third
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Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first centur
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Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first
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Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE
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Bithynians, Mariandynians, Paphlagonians, and others: Strabo on temple-states and peoples near his P
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Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first centur
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Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first centur
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Indians: Dio of Prusa on the Indians’ superior mode of life (late first century CE)
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Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers’ roles in leadership (lat
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Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth centur
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Persians: Dio of Prusa on a supposedly Zoroastrian myth (late first century CE)
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Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late
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Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
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Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)
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Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)
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Iberians: Appian on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (early second century CE)
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Scythians: Adventures of Andrew and Matthias among the Man-eaters as ethnographic fiction (third-fif
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Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (ea
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Libyans / Africans: Pliny on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)
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Finnish Institute at Athens presentation – ‘You are the bandit!’: Criminalizing Conquered Peoples, a
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Cretans and Cilicians: Athenians, Rhodians, and Romans pair “banditry” with imperial control (fifth-
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Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
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Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)
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Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilizatio
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Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder’s speech about Alexander the bandit (first cent
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Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (mid-fifth cent
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Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influ
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Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BC
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Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on “unbelievable” peoples (first century CE)
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Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth cen
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Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-f
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Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first ce
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Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
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Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and
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Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries
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Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)
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Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first cent
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Baktrians, Sogdians, and some “completely barbarous” eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE
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Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)
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Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)
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Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century
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Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)
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Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)
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Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites’ origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)
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Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)
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Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66
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Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar’s Masada speech (late first century CE)
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Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)
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Samaritans: Josephos on Chuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first centu
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Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and
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Egyptian wisdom: Alexander Romance on king Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner (fourth century CE
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Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Kleitarchos on Chaldeans and Magians (late fourth-third centuries BCE
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Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
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Egyptians: Achilles Tatius and Dio Cassius on man-eating cowherds / bandits (second-third century CE
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Barbarians and Greeks: Dionysios theorizes the blurry lines (late first century BCE)
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Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)
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Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century
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Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-firs
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Arabians: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits and Saracens in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE
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Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late firs
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Celts / Gauls: Cicero and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first cen
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Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first ce
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Sicilians and other Greeks: Cicero’s praise for Sicilians in the prosecution of Verres (mid-first ce
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Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero’s ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century
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Celts / Gauls: Cicero’s ethnic invective in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)
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Scythians: Aischines’ ethnic invective against Demosthenes (mid-fourth century BCE)
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Judean diasporas: Josephos’ citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Au
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Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-f
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Judeans, “Asiatics”, and Greeks: Cicero’s ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccu
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Judeans: Trogus on contributions of Joseph and Moses and on the exodus (first century BCE)
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Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
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Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios’ framing of a way of life (early fourth centur
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Egyptians: Dio Cassius’ speech by Octavian on the “effeminate” Antony (early third century CE)
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Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)
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Judeans: Dio Cassius and Roman elite attitudes (early third century CE)
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Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)
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Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)
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Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)
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Judeans: Ignatius on Judaizing and Christianizing (early second century CE)
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Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius’ actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / t
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Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
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Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
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Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)
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Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as “barbarian” and “Assyrian” (mid-second century CE)
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Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a “barbarian” and Libyan nomad (mid-second
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Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second ce
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Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth centur
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Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras’ journeys (mid-second centu
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Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the “barbarian” origins of fearing the go
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Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical ai
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Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius’ actions against foreign practices 17-1
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Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the “superstitions” of foreigners (mid-first century CE)
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Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)
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Judeans: Valerius Maximus on the 139 BCE expulsion with “Chaldeans” (early first century CE)
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Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)
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Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BC
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Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)
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Greeks and Judeans: “Hellenizing” and “Judaizing” in 2 Maccabees (first century BCE)
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Persians and Medes: Thucydides on Medizing (late-fifth century BCE)
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Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
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Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)
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Greeks and other peoples: Paul’s Judean stereotypes about non-Judeans (mid-first century CE)
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Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)
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Christians, Judeans, and Greeks: Christians as a descent group in the Epistle to Diognetos (second o
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Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)
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Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
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Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre’s Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)
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Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)
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Cretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)
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Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early
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Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second ce
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Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first centur
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Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century B
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Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second centu
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Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
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Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
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Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
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Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity’s Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century
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Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims
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Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian’s “A True Story” and ethnographic fi
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Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes’ Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century C
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Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)
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Arabians / Nabateans: Diodoros on Nabatean customs and freedom (mid-first century BCE)
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Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)
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Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans’ astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)
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Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)
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Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth
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Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the “most barbarous” people (early fourth century BC
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Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / se
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Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
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Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
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Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)
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Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the “most ignorant peoples of all” (fifth century B
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Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human f
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Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
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Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana’s journeys to barbarian lands (early third centur
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Mysians, Cilicians, Galatians, and Thracians: Polybios on the mixed composition of Antiochos IV Epip
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Egyptian diasporas: Manetho, Josephos and others on legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judea
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Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
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Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)
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Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
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Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)
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Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (late fifth century BCE)
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Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
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Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)
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Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the “Augustus of Prima Porta”
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Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century
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Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)
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Persians: God Mithras as a Roman representation of a Persian (second century CE)
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Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century
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Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)
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Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)
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Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army unde
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Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World: The Websites of Philip A. Harland
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Portal to my podcast, websites, blog, and publications, providing an entryway into social and cultur
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Maps for locating places and peoples
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Ethnic Relations site visitors and subscribers (since Sept. 2022)